Globalization & Public Health essays

Globalization & Public Health essays Globalization is commonly defined as the worldwide integration of economies in the face of substantially increased transborder trade and investment [1]. It is generally addressed in the context of economics and information technologies. Globalization has brought wealth and modernity to many of the worlds peoples. Frequently overlooked in the classroom, unfortunately, are the new vulnerabilities now exposed by globalization, including the spread of natural disease and the use of disease as possible instruments of terror. It is important to understand how globalization may be affecting global public health policies, and what implications that has for global control of infectious diseases. From a public health point of view, it is imperative that we bear in mind that infectious diseases do not recognize borders, as evidenced by the current HIV/AIDS pandemic. The two main results of globalization have been expanding international travel and increased trade. Increased trade includes the exporting and importing of foodstuffs, which are probable carriers of pathogenic microbes. Some fresh foods may be contaminated during picking, packaging, transport, or delivery [2]. Another factor that may facilitate the international spread of food borne disease is the centralized processing of human and animal foods, followed by widespread distribution. For example, if a component of animal feed is contaminated with a pathogen, a food animal could ingest the pathogen. This food animal could then pass the pathogen to anyone who consumes a part of the animal which could cause a global outbreak. Increased international travel, a result of globalization, is also a major cause of the spread of disease, and also a major factor in the threat of bioterrorism. Examples of disease spread from continent to continent include HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, West Nile encephalitis, Vibrio cholerae, coccidioidomycosis, influenza, measles, and ...

Levallois Technique - Paleolithic Stone Tool Working

Levallois Technique - Paleolithic Stone Tool Working Levallois, or more precisely the Levallois prepared-core technique, is the name archaeologists have given to a distinctive style of flint knapping, which makes up part of the Middle Paleolithic Acheulean and Mousterian artifact assemblages. In his 1969 Paleolithic stone tool taxonomy (still widely used today), Grahame Clark defined Levallois as Mode 3, flake tools struck from prepared cores. Levallois technology is thought to have been an outgrowth of the Acheulean handaxe. The technique was reckoned a leap forward in stone technology and behavioral modernity: the production method is in stages  and requires forethought and planning. The stone tool-making Levallois technique involves preparing a raw block of stone by striking pieces off the edges until it is shaped something like a turtle shell: flat on the bottom and humped on the top. That shape permits the knapper to control the results of using applied force: by striking the top edges of the prepared core, the knapper can pop off a series of similarly sized flattish, sharp stone flakes which can then be used as tools. The presence of the Levallois technique is commonly used to define the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic. Dating the Levallois The Levallois technique was traditionally thought to have been invented by archaic humans in Africa beginning about 300,000 years ago, and then moved into Europe and perfected during the Mousterian of 100,000 years ago. However, there are numerous sites in Europe and Asia which contain Levallois or proto-Levallois artifacts dated between Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 8 and 9 (~330,000-300,000 years bp), and a handful as early as MIS 11 or 12 (~400,000-430,000 bp): although most are controversial or not well-dated. The site of Nor Geghi in Armenia was the first firmly dated site found to contain a Levallois assemblage in MIS9e: Adler and colleagues argue that the presence of Levallois in Armenia and other places in conjunction with Acheulean biface technology suggest that the transition to Levallois technology occurred independently several times before becoming widespread. Levallois, they argue, was part of a logical progression from a lithic biface technology, rather than a replacement by movement of archaic humans out of Africa. Scholars today believe that the long, long range of time in which the technique is recognized in lithic assemblages masks a high degree of variability, including differences in surface preparation, orientation of flake removal, and adjustments for raw source material. A range of tools made on Levallois flakes are also recognized, including the Levallois point. Some Recent Levallois Studies Archaeologists believe the purpose was to produce a single preferential Levallois flake, a nearly circular flake mimicking the original contours of the core. Eren, Bradley, and Sampson (2011) conducted some experimental archaeology, attempting to achieve that implied goal. They discovered that to create a perfect Levallois flake requires a level of skill that can only be identified under very specific circumstances: single knapper, all pieces of the production process present and refitted. Sisk and Shea (2009) suggest that Levallois points - stone projectile points formed on Levallois flakes - might have been used as arrowheads. After fifty years or so, Clarks stone tool taxonomy has lost some of its usefulness: so much has been learned that the five-mode stage of technology is far too simple. Shea (2013) proposes a new taxonomy for stone tools with nine modes, based on variations and innovations not known when Clark published his seminal paper. In his intriguing paper, Shea defines Levallois as Mode F, bifacial hierarchical cores, which more specifically embraces the technological variations. Sources Adler DS, Wilkinson KN, Blockley SM, Mark DF, Pinhasi R, Schmidt-Magee BA, Nahapetyan S, Mallol c, Berna F, Glauberman PJ et al. 2014. Early Levallois technology and the Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition in the southern Caucasus. Science 345(6204):1609-1613. doi: 10.1126/science.1256484 Binford LR, and Binford SR. 1966. A preliminary analysis of functional variability in the Mousterian of Levallois facies. American Anthropologist 68:238-295. Clark, G. 1969. World Prehistory: A New Synthesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Brantingham PJ, and Kuhn SL. 2001. Constraints on Levallois Core Technology: A Mathematical Model. Journal of Archaeological Science 28(7):747-761. doi: 10.1006/jasc.2000.0594 Eren MI, Bradley BA, and Sampson CG. 2011. Middle Paleolithic Skill Level and the Individual Knapper: An Experiment. American Antiquity 71(2):229-251. Shea JJ. 2013. Lithic Modes A–I: A New Framework for Describing Global-Scale Variation in Stone Tool Technology Illustrated with Evidence from the East Mediterranean Levant. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20(1):151-186. doi: 10.1007/s10816-012-9128-5 Sisk ML, and Shea JJ. 2009. Experimental use and quantitative performance analysis of triangular flakes (Levallois points) used as arrowheads. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(9):2039-2047. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.05.023 Villa P. 2009. Discussion 3: The Lower to Middle Paleolithic Transition. In: Camps M, and Chauhan P, editors. Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions. New York: Springer. p 265-270. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-76487-0_17 Wynn T, and Coolidge FL. 2004. The expert Neandertal mind. Journal of Human Evolution 46:467-487.

Slavery Comes to the American Colonies From 1492-1750 Essay

Slavery Comes to the American Colonies From 1492-1750 - Essay Example Development in the South American colonies and the West Indies were retarded due to the control and dominance by the Spaniards. There was also a drift towards an economy based on agriculture. These two factors contributed to the development of slave-holding societies in the American colonies. In the initial stages local natives were use in the development of commercial agriculture, but the local natives were not able to withstand the heavy workload they were expected to perform and withered away. The decimation of the local communities had the benefit of providing even more land for commercial agricultural production. The lack of local natives for slave labor and the added land available for agricultural production cause the induction of the hardy African Negroes into these lands, as slaves to work on commercial agricultural production sites. (Hinton, K.V., 2005). The use of African Negroes as slaves in the American colony started when King Charles V of Spain granted a license for bringing four thousand African Negroes into the West Indies as slaves. From then on the American colonies were to witness the growth of slavery. The English involvement in trade and use of slaves started in 1562, and subsequent to the revolution in 1688 trading and use by the British was to flourish. With the royalty involved in the slave trade its growth was only enhanced. An English company was formed in 1713 with Queen Anne of England holding a quarter share, and King Philip V of Spain another quarter. This company was given the privilege of supplying 144,000 Negro slaves to the Spanish American colonies for a period of thirty years, and is an indication of the growth in slave trade and the use of slaves in the American colonies. The spread of the use of Negro slaves into the United States of America was a natural extension of the wide use

Students Debt Crisis in America Research Proposal

Students Debt Crisis in America - Research Proposal Example Of the outstanding debts, only 60% have plans of repaying while the rest either ask for loan forgiveness or default indicating that the students are in financial distress. The debt crisis in America calls for long term solutions. This will suggest solutions to the ever-increasing student debt crisis in America Solutions to the student debt crisis lie with the federal government policies that address student loans and their associated problems. Several people proposed policies that are helpful in handling the debt crisis among American students. The proposed Responsible Student Loan Act should be implemented to help in dealing with the problem of the debt crisis among the federal students. This Act was reset to include the percentage determined by the education secretary that covers administration and borrowers benefits. This plan focused on the interest rates that are related to the needs of the borrowers. It also sought to cap the federal subsidized loan by 6.8% while the unsubsidized loans and the parent loans capped at 8.25%. This Act also proposed that the education secretary in America should reissue the PLUS loans and the federal Stanford (Federal Reserve Bank of New York 102). The US government should reform the bankruptcy code that is currently offering financial distress to the loan borrowers both at the individual and business level. The code must reformation in order to allow the students and the business people to expunge their debts and restart their projects. The fresh start of their lives is difficult for the students with loan debts because Congress enacted legislation that prohibits discharging the federal students from their loans in the cases of bankruptcy. The 2005 act extended the undue hardship of the borrowers thus making students suffer highly from the financial debt crisis especially from the private loans.  

4g and 3g Network Essay Example for Free

4g and 3g Network Essay In this paper I will be discussing the different wireless networks, 3G and 4G. I will compare and contrast the 3G wireless networks to 4G networks. This essay shall also distinguish which wireless network has the fastest download speeds and service availability. I will identify the competition between the 3G and 4G networks, and which service customers prefer to use. I also will provide which phone services such as Verizon and ATT have the most network coverage throughout America. Concluding this article I would like for the reader to get a better understanding with the comparison of the 3G and 4G wireless networks. The 3G service is a high speed to information and voice services, made within the 3G wireless network. A 3G network is a high-speed wireless network, offering speeds of at least 144 kilobits per second. For comparison, a dial-up Internet connection on a computer offers about 56 kilobits per second. The 3G network is a tremendous difference offering a faster speed for internet access. In your daily use of this wireless network, you will notice the 3G network vary. Factors such as signal, location and, and network traffic all come into play (Liane, Cassavoy 2013). The 4G network is the newest mobile broadband service. Network companies such as Sprint, T-Mobile, and, Verizon have jumped on the bandwagon. See more: Unemployment problems and solutions essay   Unlike 3G, 4G has a connection capable of 100Mbps with high mobility†¦ up to 1Gbps with low mobility (Wi-Fi range) (Dachis 2010). Even though there access is different because one is an upgraded system, they both is still allow for consumers to access the internet and have clearer calling service. The architecture for both systems is used on a wide area. Nonetheless 4G has been integrated on a wireless LAN network and 3G is a wide area cell base, which notes that 3G is used for voice and information network (Moore 2010). The user’s perception of these networks will be that they will be able to access the web from these at higher speeds, especially with a 4G network. There are three different types of 4G that are used in the different wireless networks. On the graph from Adam Dachis article, he has listed these networks and their providers. Sprint uses WiMax; this speed is listed as an average downstream of 3-6 mbps, 10mbs peak and its 10x faster than 3G. Its coverage is nationwide covering major cities and markets. The monthly cost or user perception will be $60 for an unlimited 4G data and 5GB of a 3G data. The compatibility of the operating system is through all OS (via mobile) Hotspot. Verizon uses the LTE network, with a downstream of 5-12 mbps and an upstream of 2-5 mbps. Its coverage is listed in 38 markets and 60 major airports on December 5, 2010 with full nation-wide coverage by 2013. The monthly cost is set for $50 for 5GB, $80 for 10GB and $10 a GB for overages. The compatibility of the operating system is through Windows only (at the launch of MAC OS X support). GoingWimax.com has listed backward compatibility for LTE is with GSM and HSPA; and that WiMax is compatible with updates standard of Mobile WiMax and the previous standard of fixed Wimax. WiBro is an internet based system that is also used for service with cell phones. Its backward compatibility is based same database system as Wimax which is WiMax standard. HSPA+ is used by T-Mobile with a peak downstream of 21mbps peak upstream of 5.7mbps with up to 3x faster than 3G. The coverage provided is Nationwide of many major cities and markets. All of these providers have proven service, but it is just up to consumer on which service they prefer. The competition between the 4G carriers has become so fierce because consumers are looking for bargains and the best service; such as how faster is the speed of the data network, the monthly payment, the coverage of the network service, the devices that are offered by the providers and the value of service. Sprint had a head start with introduction of 4G. They have excellent coverage over the United States allowing for data nationwide. Sprint is the only one of the carriers to advertise average speeds and just peak rates (Moore 2010). Moore (2010) has found that Verizon has the best speed, T-Mobile and Sprint tied with the most affective cost margin, Sprint provided the device options to consumers and best value. Verizon has been able to cover more markets because LTE has been so popular. Verizon set the stage over ATT by expanding their markets to more consumers. Verizon is able to have more mbps than ATT as well. Verizon exceeded 5 Mbps during 82 percent of our download tests and 66 percent of our upload tests; ATT surpassed this number in only 68 percent of our download tests and 40 percent of our upload tests (Moore 2012). Head-to-head comparison of these two networks measures performance over the first quarter of 2012 and across multiple markets, throwing Verizon’s more mature LTE network together with ATT’s nascent one to see what performance each offers consumers. (Moore 2012) In conclusion 3G and 4G are both still reliable services. They allow users to successfully communicate over the internet and through their mobile devices. 4G will allow new/ old consumers to purchase more high tech devices for the convenience of modern technology and communication. This essay has shown that 4G is the newer model with more services and applications to be provided. It is now the most sort after network on the market, with its speed of 100Mbps of high mobility. The fight over the best network will continue in the future. Consumers are constantly researching for the newer, better, and fastest networks available. According to Moore 2010 Sprint has proven so far to be the best network, but surely Verizon and ATT are on the rise. They are following close behind to be the top network themselves. The competition is growing the quarters, so more than likely Sprint maybe surpassed by another device or network only time will tell. References Admin. 2009. â€Å"What Is the Difference Between WiMax and LTE? Re GoingWimax.com. http://www.goingwimax.com/what-is-the-difference-between-wimax-and-lte-4155/ Cassavoy, Liane. 2013. What is 3G Service? Received from About.com. http://cellphones.about.com/od/glossary/g/3G_definition.htm Dachis, Adam. 2010. Everything You Need To Know About 4G Mobile Broadband. Received from Lifehacker.com. http://lifehacker.com/5706644/everything-you-need-to-know-about-4g-mobile-broadband Kayne R. What is WiBro? WiseGeek. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-wibro.htm Moore, Bill. 2012. Solving the LTE Puzzle: Comparing LTE Performance. Received from Gidaom.com, http://gigaom.com/2012/04/14/solving-the-lte-puzzle-comparing-lte-performance/

The Show I Love Lucy Essay -- Television 1950s

We are all here for a spell, get all the good laughs you can. –- Will Rogers Television’s rise in popularity throughout the fifties saw the emergence of the situation comedy, a style that captivated audiences by presenting a story with a beginning, a middle, and a happy end. One of the most popular of these shows, I Love Lucy, continues to appeal to both young and old some forty years later -- and counting. For most people, the answer to how I Love Lucy continually and effectively draws viewers to the screen is that "It’s funny." There is more to this funny show than meets the eye. For television viewers of the fifties, Lucy and Ricky could have been familiar neighbors from down the street. People could relate to this young couple, the Ricardos, who were experiencing the trials and tribulations of marriage as typical Americans were. They lived in a modest brownstone in Manhattan with common worries such as paying the rent and affording new household commodities. The humor came when ordinary situations were exaggerated as Lucy managed to get herself into trouble time and time again, and proceeded to untangle herself from the mess. Ricky, her husband, would often discover -- and thwart -- her numerous schemes, and the best friends, Fred and Ethel Mertz, somehow managed to get involved as well. The zany redhead and the thick-accented Cuban were an oddly-matched pair, not only as a comedy team but as a married couple too. The combination of these factors yielded a television show that portrayed situations that average Americans could identify with. The luck of having talent is not enough; one must also have a talent for luck. -- Hector Berlioz Undoubtedly, Lucille Ball carried the show with her impeccable comedic timing an... ...ll be a "funny" show. Since we said, 'I do,' there are so many things we don't. –- Lucy Ricardo Bibliography Andrews, Bart and Watson, Thomas. LOVING LUCY: AN ILLUSTRATED TRIBUTE. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980. Andrews, Bart. THE "I LOVE LUCY" BOOK. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1985. Brady, Kathleen. THE LIFE OF LUCILLE BALL. New York: Hyperion Publishing, 1994. Halberstam, David. THE FIFTIES. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1993. Marc, David and Thomson, Robert. PRIME TIME, PRIME MOVERS. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992. Morella, Joe and Epstein, Edward. FOREVER LUCY. New Jersey: Lyle Stuart, Inc., 1986. Oppenheimer, Jess. LAUGHS, LUCK...AND LUCY. New York: Syracuse University Press, 1996. Sanders, Coyne Steven and Gilbert, Tom. DESILU: THE STORY OF LUCILLE BALL AND DESI ARNAZ. New York: William and Morrow Company, Inc., 1993.

Gender differences

Males will use the Splashradio in different ways than females and will react differently to how it is used. The Splashradio is designed for both males and females and they can use it in many similar situations, however, males and females may use it to play in very different ways and since the Splashradio has no major rules, it can be used however the players choose. Gender roles still hold their stereotypical values developed throughout time, but they are continuously changing. Some barriers are starting to break and girls are beginning to enjoy video games more. The difference between male and female has been culturally constructed and society teaches children what is appropriate and inappropriate based on social norms and stereotypes (Cassell 6, 28). For example, boys are generally more interested in computer games and electronics than girls. This is not due to lack of women's ability, but their access to technologies and prior negative beliefs about women and electronics (Cassell 11-12). Stereotypes wont stop girls from using the Splashradio, but it may effect how they use it. Stereotypically girls play house and Barbie's while boys play more aggressive games, like war and wrestling, due to social norms. They can still do this with the Splashradio, but it doesn't limit them to the stereotypical roles. It will allow them to easily cross the line between designated male only and female only games. Right now it is still too difficult to market towards girls alone, but since the Splashradio can be used in any situation, it should be easily marked for both sexes (Cassell 16). Just because games like Purple Moon and Hawaii High failed don't mean all will. Girls can still play with romance plots, secrets, Barbie's and other traditional interests if they wish, but they aren't limited to them (Cassell 21). Cassell and Jenkins suggested it is best not to design gender specific games, because they will tell users how they are supposed to act and what they should like. The Splashradio leaves these decisions entirely up to the user. Girls may seek â€Å"complexity in terms of character relations, not in terms of action elements† like boys do, but they will be able to create this with the Splashradio. Simplifying games or making things pink, like the tanks in â€Å"Barbie Quake† won't help girls enjoy using the Splashradio (Cassell 26). The genders are different; they think differently, like different things, and in some cases want to play differently. Girls and boys should be given equal opportunities to explore and play with the same toys and they will have this chance with the Splashradio. Typically boys tend to explore and roam more than girls do (Jenkins 267). Boys are, stereotypically, more outdoor-oriented and girls are more indoor-oriented (Jenkins 268). In the past, boys have grown up more independent, they have gained recognition for risky play, were more competitive, violent, aggressive, and participated in more role-playing activities than girls did (Jenkins 270-274). Girls grew up being more dependent, house ridden, quiet, and conservative. According to Jenkins, girls are more interested in romance novels, secrets, and gossiping. However, in the 21st century girls aren't as interested in the romance novels and slow â€Å"exploring† games, like Purple Moon (Jenkins 284). Some girls still choose to play stereotypical games, but others are interested in competitive games, just like boys. Gender roles are not as strict as they used to be and girls are discovering many new forms of play that earlier generations thought were only for boys. Girls and boys may use the Splashradio to play games like Star Wars, football, or Marco Polo. However, it can still be used to play with dolls or house, as well, but the device is not gender specific and does not limit the kind of games people play relating to gender. Only social experiences and past stereotypes will control the types of play people participate in while using the Splashradio. One major reason boys and girls will play differently with the Splashradio and other toys is gender segregation. â€Å"Not only do preschool-age children tend to self-segregate by sex, but that segregation leads to the development of different sets of social skills, styles, expectations, and preferences† (Cohen 1). Observational studies have proven that the more children play with same sex peers, the more they follow gender stereotypes created by society. Researchers Carol Lynn Martin and Richard A. Fabes of Arizona State call this phenomenon â€Å"the social dosage effect†, implying how a greater â€Å"dosage† of gender segregated play will increase gender differences (Cohen 2). It is important for children to experience mixed-gender play in order to eliminate falling into gender stereotypes, however, when playgroups include both genders, another problem may arise. Girls aren't as active in play when boys are around, because boys tend to â€Å"monopolize† toys (Maccoby 514). Powlishta's research shows when two kids are alone boys get more play time with the toy, in this case a movie viewer. When an adult is present boys are more inhibited and girls acquire at least equal access to the toys (Maccoby 515). This means that in coed situations girls may not play with the Splashradio as much as boys, unless an adult is present.

Gloucester Character in King Lear Essay

King Lear and Gloucester are similar to an extent of being tragic heroes, because they both experience the traditional features of a classic tragedy. Both characters go through the features of hubris, hamartia and culminates with anagnorisis. Shakespeare employs the double plot in ‘King Lear’, the only Shakespearean tragedy to employ two similar plots which function in a parallel manner. In doing so, Shakespeare is able to demonstrate the tragic consequences that result when the natural law is subverted. Despite both being tragic figures, the causes of their downfall are different and thus the culmination of the way both characters are considered to be tragic varies as well. Lear and Gloucester both commit blunders in the opening of the play, calling attention to their own tragic flaw, however the both the cause and impact varies. There is an indication of a power struggle as Renaissance society was patriarchal and gerontocratic, meaning men did not consider retirement nor did they pass on their power when they reached old age. Lear deciding to give away his power to his daughters, under the intention of ‘conferring them on younger strengths, while we unburthen’d crawl towards death’, would have challenged the thinking of an Elizabethan audience who acknowledged the social construct of the ‘Great Chain of Being’, the existence of a natural social of all beings and animals having their own ordained position. Both figures reject a child who truly loved them- this is their tragic flaw. Lear’s decision to ‘disclaim all parental care’ from Cordelia, is perhaps the most impactful decision, because Lear had d isacknowledged the one daughter who truly loved him. As a result, Lear’s subversion of power ‘to shake all cares and business from our age’ is perhaps more fata as a mistake in comparison to Gloucester. For Gloucester, his mistake is may be his adultery. The way Gloucester describes his son as ‘often blushed to acknowledge him’ highlights the concern of raising an illegitimate child. Consequently, Edmund seeks go against the laws of primogeniture, allowing only the legitimate child to be entitled to land. Gloucester is also  suggested to have relaxed morals, justifying the birth of Edmund with his mother as a ‘knave came something saucily to the world’. Gloucester’s fault is less reckless than Lear’s. Gloucester’s fault is arguably justifiable as he was lied to by his own son. However it is his reaction, denying thought and logic which warrants consequences. The impact of both character’s hamartia being equally destructive. According to Aristotle, he believed horror and pity are the two emotions the audience should feel while watching a tragedy, and Shak The physical suffering Gloucester endures namely, being blinded was thought to be something too gruesome to be displayed as a result, the scene had been omitted by some productions. Theatrical critic G.Wilson Knight commented on the play being ‘purposeless and unreasonable, King Lear is the most fearless artistic facing of ultimate cruelty’. The juxtaposition of Gloucester’s cries of ‘give me help! O cruel!’ against Goneril’s brutal statements ‘how now, you dog!’ highlights the ruthlessness and barbarity of Gloucester’s circumstance. 19th century criticism was notable for suggesting Gloucester is punished harshly for his misjudgement of characters and will be viewed by most audiences as a character ‘more sinned agai nst than sinning’. However, in comparison to Lear’s suffering, the King may be portrayed more so as a tragic figure. Unlike Gloucester, Lear falls into a state of madness and the audience watch Lear’s mind deteriorate progressively during the play. The dismissal of Lear’s ‘hundred knights’ by both Goneril and Regan is powerful because the knights can be considered to be a symbol of Lear’s importance. But being denied something which Lear wants and needs he notably comments, ‘Man’s life is cheap as beast’s’ as aspects including clothes and property are symbols of civilisation. As a result Lear is reduced to having nothing to his name, thus being reduced as G.Wilson Knight said an ‘elemental, instinctive life’. Near the end of the play, the king is wearing a ‘crown of thorns’, characterising his downfall as a figure who was once decorated as King of England to a person who has aligned himself with nature, furthe red by Frank Kernode stating, ‘suffering can reduce humanity to a bestial condition’ In this way, the portrayal of Lear’s madness may be seen as more tragic than of what Gloucester experienced. A further feature of a classic tragedy is both tragic figures achieving anagnorisis, (a critical moment of  recognition), near the ending of the play. The moment of realization occurs when Regan reveals to Gloucester of Edmund being a ‘treacherous villain’ Once being blinded, Gloucester comments, ‘I stumbled when I saw’, situational irony is deployed, epitomizing his realization of the events surrounding him, at a point where he is no longer able to see. Perhaps this alludes to critic Lawrence Rosinger’s comment of ‘the play is about Gloucester and Lear’s self-discovery after a period of treating the others as a means of self-gratification’, suggesting for Gloucester to recognise the true virtues of a human being, the process involves suffering and pain. However, for Lear to gain anagnorisis, I believe he is forced to endure suffering, for example, his daughters which serves to heighten the sympathy felt for Lear. This is exemplified particularly when interacting with Gloucester in Act 4, commenting ‘they (Goneril and Regan) flattered me like a dog’, the dramatic irony invoking pity because the audience is already aware of this. Once reunited with Cordelia, Lear expresses himself as being ‘bound upon a wheel of fire’, his pessimistic view, alluding to a Christian interpretation of hell. Though both characters learn through their experience, it is arguably Lear’s anagnoriss which allows him to be more tragic than Gloucester. His torment eventually reduces him to beggary, wanting ‘give me that patience, patience I need’, the chiasmus emphasising his desperation.

Importance of non-invasive physiological measurings Essays

Importance of non-invasive physiological measurings Essays Importance of non-invasive physiological measurings Essay Importance of non-invasive physiological measurings Essay Literature Review The importance of non-invasive physiological measurings such as blood force per unit area, ankle-arm index in foretelling cardio-vascular alterations The ankle-arm index ( AAI ) is a non-invasive technique that is used to test peripheral vascular diseases ( PVD ) . The ankle arm index is defined as A ; lsquo ; comparing the ratio of systolic blood force per unit area in the mortise joint with the systolic blood force per unit area in the arm, which can be calculated by spliting them severally , as stated by Vogt et Al, ( 1993 ) . It is sometimes used over other methods in the clinical industry such as serum lipoid profile which is an invasive technique ; since it is simple and straightforward. In add-on to this the AAI methodological analysis is besides used in penchant to other non-invasive techniques such as Doppler coloring material flow imagination and digital imagination as it is cheap and less drawn-out ( Babbar et al, 2005 ) . Using the AAI as a step to screen PVD has been successful in the past nevertheless, literature provinces that there are many defects and incompatibilities in the pattern of it. These defects range f rom the equipment used to the technician transporting out the measurings. The methodological analysis used in these 10 articles, is inconsistent as there is no individual article which has investigated the exact same capable country. This leads to a different perceptive being viewed in each of their methods, oppugning which technique is the most precise to utilize for mensurating the Ankle-Arm index. The first issue that was raised, consisted of which arm should be used to mensurate the brachial index ; from the literature some surveies used both the left and right arm whereas other surveies merely used one or the other along with the right and left ankle index. Majority of the processs incorporated the usage of the right arm. This may hold lead to the fluctuation shown in Atsma et Al, ( 2005 ) , saying that higher systolic blood force per unit area was recorded in the right arm than in the left. Atsma et Al, ( 2005 illustrated that this may hold been due to the fact that bulk of the participants were right handed indicating that there would hold been more musculus on that arm, taking to less compaction of the right arm by the blood force per unit area turnup. This suggests that there could be inaccuracies in the AAI and that a reading of both weaponries should be integrated to extinguish such restrictions and a wider range can be used to foretell cardiovascular disease which was besides considered in Babbar et Al, ( 2005 ) and Chang et Al, ( 2006 ) . The ankle index was measured in both legs either together or separately at the posterior tibial arteria and the dorsalis pedis arteria in bulk of the processs. Another facet which could be acknowledged is the technicians that carried out the blood force per unit area measurings. All of the writers followed a criterion protocol nevertheless there still seemed to be incompatibilities in the consequences attained. This may hold occurred due to the degree of experience gained by each single technician, besides taking into consideration how good each individual was taught the technique. The figure of technicians taking the measurings within each survey varied ; some surveies had one person such as Shinozaki et Al, ( 1998 ) while others had several Newman et Al, ( 1999 ) , Cui et Al, ( 2005 ) and Newman et Al, ( 1993 ) . In each survey, as there were incompatibilities in the form of technique used whilst obtaining consequences ; it may hold led to some persons being grouped in the A ; lt ; 0.9 class, where as if accurate measurings were obtained they may hold been grouped otherwise. The duplicability of consequences was good thought-out in most of the surveies. Some surveies felt that it was non necessary to achieve duplicate readings, as in making so there was no difference. Previous literature besides stated that if the measurings were taken within a short clip interval so a individual reading was equal Atsma et Al, ( 2005 ) . Whereas others thought that it would be better to reiterate and obtain a mean within a certain clip bound Atsma et Al, ( 2005 ) and OHare et Al, ( 2006 ) . Newman et Al, ( 1993b ) paid close attending to this affair and were keen for the technicians ( trainees ) to be to the full trained to supply keen technique. Initially, each trainee had to undergo preparation in sphygmomanometry utilizing an ordinary stethoscope every bit good as preparation in how to utilize an 8MHz Doppler to mensurate the systolic blood force per unit area. The trainees were merely approved after consequences on a repeated footing were within 2 mmHg of each other, every bit good as being examined until all stairss of the protocol were successfully completed. Atsma et Al, ( 2005 ) back this up as intraobserver variableness which was established within three different testers that were of different degrees of experience. Examiner three lacked experience compared to examiner two who had old ages of experience. This led to holding the highest intraobserver variableness with repeatability coefficients that varied from 0.12 to 0.20 matching with tester three and the lowest intraobserver variableness with repeatability coefficients that varied from 0.05 to 0.07 severally with tester two. From this rating Astma et Al ( 2005 ) found that old literature implies that duplicate AAI measuring can be drastically affected due to lack in pattern. In footings of readings, there are different readings that can be made such as the highest, lowest or mean value for the mortise joint or the arm which can be used in assorted combinations to cipher the AAI. Babbar et Al, ( 2005 ) researched the importance of this, that of which determined combinations that were plausible. The survey consisted of 60 non-smoking male participants of Asiatic, Caucasic and afro-Caribbean races. The decision was made that there were four combinations out of nine which were equal ; highest ankle/ highest humeral, highest ankle/ mean humeral, mean ankle/ highest humeral and lowest ankle/average humeral as these showed 95 % acceptableness to the criterion ( mean ankle/ mean humeral ) . This followed by saying that utilizing the same mean values for both mortise joints and humeral was an recognized control every bit good as utilizing one of the combinations of the AAI to clear up the extent of PVD or CHD. Atsma et Al, ( 2005 ) , used the highest ankle/ highe st arm substitution, this measure was taken as the aim in the survey was to place obstructions in the major arterias of the leg instead than stray parts as in the posterior tibial arteria or the dorsalis pedis arteria. Throughout the literature the blood force per unit area turnups that were used were of assorted sizes runing from 11-14cm as stated by Atsma et Al, ( 2005 ) , Babbar et Al, ( 2005 ) , Cui et Al, ( 2005 ) and Shinozaki et Al, ( 1998 ) . However, merely a few surveies mentioned the usage of a standard blood force per unit area turnup, Chang et Al, ( 2006 ) and Newman et Al, ( 1999 ) . Although it is merely the distinction of a blood force per unit area cuff it may hold affected the consequences, referred to by Beevers et Al, ( 2001 ) in which they mention that the turnup and vesica size affairs. This was because if the vesica was excessively little compared to the arm so it would hold produced an imprecise amplified step of the blood force per unit area besides known as under whomping and frailty versa if the turnup size was larger than it should be, this would be known as over cuffing. Therefore it can be suggested that utilizing merely one sized turnups for all participants may hold led to inaccuracies of the blood force per unit area measuring and that utilizing different sized turnups for persons of different sized weaponries may better the readings. Newman et Al, ( 1993 ) , used a turnup of a suited size for the right arm for each person. A Doppler stethoscope was used in all the surveies to observe blood flow as a step of the AAI. Most of the surveies used an 8MHz Doppler. Atsma et Al, ( 2005 ) used two different methods to see which technique was most accurate to observe blood flow ; one was the Doppler and another was Dinamap. It was found that the Dinamap continuously produced lower systolic blood force per unit area measurings than the Doppler, it was besides initiated that the Doppler method was more replicable than the Dinamap. Therefore the Doppler technique was approved for the methodological analysis in that survey. Babbar et Al, ( 2005 ) , used a bike ergo metre as portion of their exercising to analyze any disparity in the AAI after exercising. The exercising was performed until the voluntary was unable to go on, the bosom rate was so measured utilizing a cardio-sport bosom rate proctor. In order for the bosom rate to achieve a resting degree, the topics were requested to hold a remainder in a supine place. From this they concluded that the AAI was reduced well after exercising compared to before exercising was carried out ; nevertheless it did non go through the 0.9 cut off point. They proposed that this may hold occurred because of the cycling ; blood would hold flown down to the calf muscles doing an addition in the mortise joint blood force per unit area and concurrent to that a decrease in the humeral blood force per unit area. This may hold given an attack to test for forecast of peripheral vascular diseases or coronary bosom disease. Hietanen et Al, ( 2008 ) , besides conducted an experiment where the participants undertook exercising which took topographic point utilizing an electronically braked bike. The survey lasted an norm of 14 old ages in which three thousand five 100s and 30 eight work forces and adult females participated. Men and adult females in this survey performed exercising at different Watts, work forces performed at 50 Wattss and adult females at 40 Watts. This was besides performed until the topic was unable to go on. Hietanen et Al, ( 2008 ) concluded that the mortise joint index was independent. They suggested that the mortise joint index is an indicant of alteration within the arterias and that it could be monitored earlier so that intervention or lifestyle alteration can be pursued earlier than subsequently. Therefore utilizing exercising can be seen to assist name arterial diseases every bit good as cardio vascular diseases. The AAI measuring is used to observe cardiovascular diseases, PVD, coronary artery disease and many other diseases. Precise measurings need to be taken to have an accurate AAI, nevertheless some writers have used somewhat different cut off values compared to others. This has led to ambiguity in different fortunes within literature. Shinozaki et Al, ( 1998 ) decided to utilize 0.8 or 0.9 as the cut off value although there is merely a 0.1 difference it may hold mostly affected the diagnosing of patients. Whereas, Cui et Al, ( 2005 ) , Babbar et Al, ( 2005 ) and Vogt et Al, ( 1993 ) have systematically used 0.9 as the cut off value for claiming the patient may hold cardiovascular diseases. Newman et Al, ( 1993 ) nevertheless states that there is no cut away value to name peripheral arterial disease. This leads to the decision that different diseases will hold different cut off values which still need to be established accurately and exactly. The mortise joint arm index is affected by legion factors such as age, race, diabetes, high blood pressure and other history of wellness jobs. Most of the surveies, investigated smoke, old smoke, race, diabetes mellitus, cholesterin degrees, high blood pressure and age with their topics prior to the experiment to govern out any diagnostic patients or anything that would impact their consequences. Newman et Al, ( 1999 ) , found a strong nexus between a low AAI alongside age and gender as the survey was based on older work forces and adult females. The survey besides found that there was an extended spread of coronary artery disease in the black population than in the white population. Cui et Al, ( 2005 ) , established that age and smoke played a function in persons with a low AAI. Diabetes mellitus besides had an association with low AAI which had a higher prevalence in Whites than in Nipponese as they have a low spread of diabetes within the population. However OHare et Al, ( 2006 ) found that a high AAI was more common with people who had diabetes. Shinozaki et Al, ( 1998 ) discovered a low AAI was affiliated with chiefly high blood force per unit area and smoke and besides high serum triglyceride and diabetes mellitus. The survey discovered the relationship between high blood force per unit area and a low AAI which they concluded was besides apparent in old surveies. Hietanen et Al, ( 2008 ) learnt that an hyperbolic systolic blood force per unit area after exercising could be seen as grounds of alteration in the arterias. Hietanen et Al, ( 2008 ) illustrated that topics with a low fittingness degree had a higher opportunity of deceasing earlier than those that carried out exercising. Subjects that were grouped consequently signified grounds that a 3rd of the topics from the group of low fittingness degree died at an early age during the survey. Diagnostic lameness in adult females showed to hold a lower hazard of deceasing than symptomless adult females, although they found other surveies illustrated that there was a higher decease rate in the presence of lameness which was stated by Vogt et Al, ( 1993 ) . Newman et Al, ( 1993 ) discovered that colored races chiefly black, were notably connected to a low AAI. Newman et Al, ( 1993 ) besides found that high blood pressure and high blood force per unit area was consistent with a low mortise joint arm index in other surveies. Chang et Al, ( 2006 ) , established that the AAI decreased more with factors of high blood pressure, age and diabetes. This indicates that old medical history along with base-line information has a drastic affect on the AAI. Therefore, all these factors need to be incorporated into the concluding result of a research paper, as each facet in some manner or another can do worsening of the AAI which is related to cardiovascular diseases. Decision Looking at past literature, there is still no definite method of mensurating the mortise joint arm index to this day of the month. However, one facet which is common throughout the surveies in this literature reappraisal is that the AAI is used for forecast of peripheral vascular disease, along with other trials to name a patient with it. Cut off points are the boundaries for naming patients with cardiovascular diseases but are somewhat different in each survey ; it is non possible to hold a common cut off point as each survey has a different intent hence every bit long as consistent cut off points are used the consequences could be validated. Calculating the AAI after exercising has besides given an penetration into diagnosing of arterial diseases every bit good as PVD. Obviously it can be seen that the AAI is a dependable technique to mensurate cardiovascular diseases in the hereafter due to its simpleness and cheap nature. Mentions Atsma. F, Bartelink. M. E. L, Grobbee. D. E and van der Schouw. Y. T ( 2005 ) Best duplicability of the ankle-arm index was calculated utilizing Doppler and spliting highest ankle force per unit area by highest arm force per unit area. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 58, pp. 1282-1288. Babbar. R, Bussell. C. D, Buckley. G. A and Sivasubramaniam. S. D ( 2005 ) Post-moderate exercising testing and clinical prognostic value of ankle arm index measurings. Journal of Pathophysiology, 13, pp. 15-21. Beevers. G, Lip. G. Y. H and OBrien. E ( 2001 ) Blood force per unit area measuring: Part 1- Sphygmomanometry: factors common to all technique. British Medical Journal, 322, pp. 981-985. Chang. S, Chen. C, Chu. C, Lin. P, Chung. C, Hsu. J, Cheng. H, Yang. T and Hung. K ( 2006 ) Ankle-Arm Index is a Useful Trial for Clinical Practice in Outpatients With Suspected Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation Journal, 70, pp. 686-690. Cui. R, Kitamura. A, Yamagishi. K, Tanigawa. T, Imano. H, Ohira. T, Sato. S, Shimamoto. T and Iso. H ( 2005 ) Ankle-arm blood force per unit area index as a correlative of presymptomatic carotid coronary artery disease in aged Nipponese work forces. Journal of Atherosclerosis, 184, pp. 420-424. Hietanen. H, P A ; auml ; A ; auml ; kk A ; ouml ; nen. R and Salomaa. V ( 2008 ) Ankle blood force per unit area as a forecaster of entire and cardiovascular mortality. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 8 ( 3 ) , pp. 1471-2261. Newman. A. B, Siscovick. D. S, Manolio. T. A, Polak. J, Fried. L. P, Borhani. N. O and Wolfson. S. K ( 1993 ) Ankle-Arm Index as a Marker of Atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation: The Journal of the American Heart Association. 88, pp. 837-845. Newman. A. B, Shemanski. L, Manolio. T. A, Cushman. M, Mittelmark. M, Polak. J. F, Powe. N. R and Siscovick. D ( 1999 ) Ankle-Arm Index as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 19, pp. 538-545. OHare. A. M, Katz. R, Shlipak. M. G, Cushman. M, Newman. A. B ( 2006 ) Mortality and Cardiovascular Risk across the Ankle-Arm Index Spectrum: Consequences from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation: The Journal of the American Heart Association, 113, pp. 388-393. Shinozaki. T, Hasegawa. T and Yano. E ( 1998 ) Ankle-Arm Index as an Indicator of Atherosclerosis: It s Application as a Screening Method. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51 ( 12 ) , pp. 1263-1269. Vogt. M. T, Cauley. J. A, Newman. A. B, Kuller. L. H and Hulley. S. B ( 1993 ) Decreased Ankle/Arm Blood Pressure Index and Mortality in Elderly Women. JAMA, 270 ( 4 ) , pp. 465-469.

A Brief History of the Ivory Trade in Africa

A Brief History of the Ivory Trade in Africa   Ivory has been desired since antiquity because its relative softness made it easy to carve into intricate decorative items for the very wealthy.  For the past one hundred years, the ivory trade in Africa has been closely regulated, yet the trade continues to thrive. Ivory Trade in Antiquity During the days of the Roman Empire, the ivory exported from Africa largely came from North African elephants. These elephants were also used in the Roman coliseum fights and occasionally as transport in war and were hunted to extinction around the 4th century C.E. After that point, the ivory trade in Africa declined for several centuries. Medieval Times to the Renaissance By the 800s, the trade in African ivory had picked-up again. In these years, traders transported ivory from West Africa along the trans-Saharan trade routes to the North African coast or brought East African ivory up in boats along the coastline to the market-cities of north-east Africa and the Middle East. From these depots, ivory was taken across the Mediterranean to Europe or to Central and East Asia, though the latter regions could easily acquire ivory from southeast Asian elephants. European Traders and Explorers (1500-1800) As Portuguese navigators began exploring the West African coastline in the 1400s, they soon entered into the lucrative ivory trade, and other European sailors were not far behind. During these years, ivory was still acquired almost exclusively by African hunters, and as the demand continued, the elephant population near the coastlines declined. In response, African hunters traveled further and further inland in search of elephant herds. As the trade in ivory moved inland, the hunters and traders needed a way to transport the ivory to the coast.  In West Africa, trade focused on numerous rivers that emptied into the Atlantic, but in Central and East Africa, there were fewer rivers to use. Sleeping Sickness and other tropical diseases also made it almost impossible to use animals (like horses, oxen, or camels) to transport goods in West, Central, or central-East Africa, and this meant that people were the primary movers of goods.   The Ivory and Slave Trades (1700-1900) The need for human porters meant that the growing slave and ivory trades went hand-in-hand, particularly in East and Central Africa. In those regions, African and Arab slave traders traveled inland from the coast, purchased or hunted down large numbers of slaves and ivory, and then forced the slaves to carry the ivory as they marched down to the coast. Once they reached the coast, the traders sold both the slaves and the ivory for hefty profits. The Colonial Era In the 1800s and early 1900s, European ivory hunters began hunting elephants in greater numbers. As demand for ivory increased, elephant populations were decimated. In 1900, several African colonies passed  game laws that limited hunting, though recreational hunting remained possible for those who could afford the expensive licenses.   Pouching and Legitimate Ivory Trade, Today At Independence in the 1960s, most African countries maintained or increased colonial game legislation laws, either outlawing hunting or permitting it only with the purchase of expensive licenses. Poaching and the ivory trade continued, however. In 1990, African elephants, with the exception of those in Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Namibia, were added to Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, which means that participating countries agreed not to allow their trade for commercial purposes. Between 1990 and 2000, the elephants in Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Namibia, were added to Appendix II, which permits trade in ivory but requires an export permit to do it.   Many argue, though, that any legitimate trade in ivory encourages poaching and adds a shield for it since illegal ivory can be publicly displayed once purchased. It looks the same as legitimate ivory, for which their continues to be relatively high demand for both Asian medicine and decorative objects.   Sources Hughes, Donald, â€Å"Europe as Consumer of Exotic Biodiversity: Greek and Roman times,† Landscape Research 28.1 (2003): 21-31. Stahl, Ann B., and Peter Stahl. â€Å"Ivory production consumption in Ghana in the early second millennium AD,† Antiquity 78.299 (March 2004): 86-101.

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 20

Report - Essay Example Procurement is fundamental to every project manager in order to advice the company on the right partners to work with, the rights and obligations of every party in a project, and how well the parties can work together. Contracts need strategy in order to succeed and that is why, it paramount to know who will supply what and how the payments of the supplies will be met. A contract to supply raw material, personnel or any other service, should give assurance to the do so for the duration for which the contract runs and under the terms and conditions agreed upon. So that, if the contract is financed on interim basis, the supplier of whichever service or raw material should be able to do so until when payment has been processed (BARNES, 2007). Procurement services should also be subjected to competitive vetting to ensure that the right supplier is awarded the tender to supply raw materials whether all the metallic raw materials or part of that, and that will be the case for all procurements. The project manager will advise the contractor on what elements to look for in tendering a supply of any raw material. Just to highlight, cost of raw material, transport cost; whether it is lumped and gathered for to the site, and the capacity to deliver them in time. The contractor then will have a host of service providers to choose from after which the suitable supplier will commence the supply of the procured materials (MARSH, 2000). Just like any other contract programme, what is binding, has to be backed by evidence and that is the time that has been set out for completion of a project. When a project is completed within the stipulated time, the contractor is entitled to a bonus of the whole cost however, when the project is completed outside this time, the contractor is liable to a penalty. As a matter of fact, the entire project under the watch of a project

Franchising of SMEs in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Franchising of SMEs in China - Essay Example Franchising in China proposes great opportunities for local businesses and international small and medium-size enterprises to expand their activities and enter new markets. Following Welsh et al (2006): "franchising is seen as a means of obtaining scarce capital, as the franchise is generally required to make a substantial investment in the business. Franchisees share risk with the franchiser. Franchising is also identified as a way of addressing the agency problem, specifically, the issue of monitoring managers" (2006, p. 130). In China, key to the success of the organization is the mutually dependent relationship between the two companies-the franchisors and the franchise. Miller and Grossman (1986) described franchising as an organizational form structured by a long-term contract whereby the franchisor (usual owner) of a product and service grants the non-exclusive rights to a franchise for the local (in this case Chinese) distribution of the particular product or service. The franchise has to pay a fee and ongoing royalties and agrees to follow to quality standards. Also, a franchise can be defined as "an incentive distribution system for organizing individual firms pursuing their own rewards" (Abbott 1998, p. 76). Taking this perspective into account, researchers determine the phenomenon as an inter-organizational form. A possible, roughly natural rate of SME density also has limited implications for policies designed to promote 'entrepreneurship'. The logic is as follows: Let's assume that heading a small firm is an important mark of entrepreneurship, since the founder of a firm that quickly disappears may be less entrepreneurial than the leader of an SME that exists and survives, whether or not the leader was the original founder. In this analysis, the number of SMEs then becomes a proxy for the number of 'entrepreneurs': Entrepreneurs are the independent leaders of SMEs (Abbott 1998). Once economists accept that this assumption is one logical proxy of entrepreneurial activity (although by no means the only one), we can then say that a roughly natural rate of SME density implies there is little that can help, or hinder, ent repreneurship at the national level in a broadly liberal trading environment (Ambler & Witzel 2003). Ratios of 'entrepreneurs' (leaders of SMEs) are somewhat constant across European national populations. If one measures entrepreneurial activity by the rates of start-ups, then the analysis would change; but it is not clear that high start-up rates on a national scale really correlate with economic success either. The lowest start-up rates in Europe are in rich Sweden, the highest are in southern Europe, where unemployment is high and GDP per capita is lower. Definitions of entrepreneurship should encompass success measured by economic production and profits, and not just frenetic activities, primarily in the low-tech service sector (Justis & Judd 1999). In China, the majority of franchising companies operate as SMEs. In emerging markets like China, "retail franchising can sometimes supplant traditional and local cultural elements, which over time can lead to homogenization and westernization of preferences, especially among the youth. The older generations and the political establishments often resist such cultural shifts" (Welsh et al 2006, p. 132).